References

1

Abelson, R.P. & Tukey, J.W. (1963). Efficient utilization of non-numerical information in quantitative analysis: General analysis and the case of simple order. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 34, 1347-1369.

2

Barlow, R.E., Bartholomew, D.J., Bremner, J.M. & Brunk, H.D. (1972). Statistical inference under order restriction. New York: Wiley.

3

Berenson, M.L. (1982). A comparison of several k sample tests for ordered alternatives in completely randomized designs. Psychometrika, 47, 265-280.

4

Betz, M.A. & Levin, J.R. (1982). Coherent analysis of variance hypotheses testing strategies: a general model. Journal of Educational Statistics, 3, 121-143.

5

Bortz, J. (1993). Statistik für Sozialwissenschaftler (4th ed.) [Statistics for the social sciences.]. Berlin: Springer

6

Bredenkamp, J. (1972). Der Signifikanztest in der psychologischen Forschung [The test of significance in psychological research]. Wiesbaden: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft.

7

Bredenkamp, J. (1980). Theorie und Planung psychologischer Experimente [Theory and design of psychological experiments]. Darmstadt: Steinkopff.

8

Bredenkamp, J. (1984). Anmerkungen und Korrekturen zu Hager & Westermann: Entscheidung über wissenschaftliche und statistische Hypothesen: Probleme bei mehrfachen Signifikanztests zur Prüfung einer wissenschaftlichen Hypothese [Comments and corrections to Hager & Westermann: Decisions on psychological and statistical hypotheses: Problems with multiple tests of significance when examining a single psychological hypothesis]. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 15, 224-229.

9

Chassan, J.B. (1960). On a test for order. Biometrics, 16, 119-121.

10

Clark, C.A. (1963). Hypothesis testing in relation to statistical methodology. Review of Educational Research, 33, 455-473.

11

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.

12

Cohen, J. & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

13

Cook, T.D. & Campbell, D.T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation. Design and analysis issues for field settings. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

14

Dykstra, R.L., Robertson, T & Wright, F.T. (Eds.). (1986). Advances in order restricted statistical inference. New York: Springer.

15

Edwards, A.L. (1985). Experimental design in psychological research (5th ed.). New York: Harper & Row.

16

Edwards, A.L. & Edwards, L.K. (1994). Analysis of variance and the general linear model. In B. Thompson (Ed.), Advances in social science methodology (Vol. 3. pp. 29-75). Greenwich, CT: JAI.

17

Fisher, R.A. (1966). The design of experiments (8th ed.). Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.

18

Gabriel, K.R. (1969). Simultaneous test procedures - some theory of multiple comparisons. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 40, 224-250.

19

Gigerenzer, G. (1993). The super-ego, the ego, and the id in statistical reasoning. In G. Keren & C. Lewis (Eds.), A handbook for data analysis in the behavioral sciences: Methodological issues (pp. 311-339). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

20

Green, T.R.G. & Nimmo-Smith, I. (1982). 2). 'Outcome-counting' - significance tests from incomplete predictions of order. British Journal of Psychology, 73, 41-49.

21

Hager, W. (1987). Grundlagen einer Versuchsplanung zur Prüfung empirischer Hypothesen in der Psychologie [Essentials of experimental design for examining psychological hypotheses]. In G. Lüer (Ed.), Allgemeine experimentelle Psychologie (pp. 43-264). Stuttgart: Fischer.

22

Hager, W. (1992). Jenseits von Experiment und Quasi-Experiment. Zur Struktur psychologischer Versuche und zur Ableitung von Vorhersagen [Beyond experiment and quasi-experiment: The structure of psychological experiments and the derivation of predictions]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

23

Hager, W. (1993). Teststrategien bei der Prüfung von quantitativen psychologischen Hypothesen: Das Beispiel der Gesamtlernzeit beim Lernen von Texten [Testing strategies when examining quantitative psychological hypotheses: The case of total learning time with texts]. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 40, 509-547.

24

Hager, W. (1995). Planung und Durchführung der Evaluation von kognitiven Förderprogrammen [Designing and executing evaluations of cognitive programs]. In W. Hager (Ed.), Programme zur Förderung des Denkens bei Kindern. Konzeption, Evaluation und Metaevaluation (pp. 100-206). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

25

Hager, W. & Hasselhorn, M. (1995). Testing psychological hypotheses addressing two independent and one dependent variables. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81, 1171-1182.

26

Hager, W. & Westermann, R. (1983). Zur Wahl und Prüfung statistischer Hypothesen in psychologischen Untersuchungen [On choosing and testing statistical hypotheses in psychological experiments]. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 30, 67-94

27

Hager, W. & Westermann, R. (1986). Zur Wirkungsweise von Zielvorgaben beim Lernen aus Texten. Experimentelle Prüfung zweier konkurrierender Hypothesen [The effects of advance organizers when learning from texts: Experimental tests of two rival hypotheses]. Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, 33, 17-25.

28

Hays, W.L. (1988). Statistics (4th ed.). Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

29

Hochberg, Y. & Tamhane, A.C. (1987). Multiple comparison procedures. New York: Wiley.

30

Howell, D.C. (1992). Statistical methods for psychology (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Duxbury.

31

Johnson, R.A. & Mehrotra, K.G. (1971). Some c-sample nonparametric tests for ordered alternatives. Journal of the Indian Statistical Association, 9, 8-23.

32

Jonckheere, A.R. (1954). A distribution-free k-sample test against ordered alternatives. Biometrika, 41, 133-145.

33

Keppel, G. (1973). Design and analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

34

Keppel, G. & Saufley, W.H., jr. (1980). Introduction to design and analysis. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.

35

Keppel, G. & Zedeck, S. (1989). Data analysis for research designs. New York: W.H. Freeman.

36

Kirk, R.E. (1982). Experimental design (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

37

Kirk, R.E. (1994). Choosing a multiple-comparison procedure. In B. Thompson (Ed.), Advances in social science methodology (Vol. 3. pp. 77-121). Greenwich, CT: JAI.

38

Le, C.T. (1987). On testing a trend in means in oneway layout. Biometrical Journal, 29, 173-180.

39

Lee, W. (1975). Experimental design and analysis. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.

40

Levin, J.R. & Marascuilo, L.A. (1972). Type IV errors and interactions. Psychological Bulletin, 78, 368-374.

41

Lovie, A.D. (1986). Ranking and selection of populations. In A.D. Lovie (Ed.), New developments in statistics for psychology and the social sciences (pp. 143-162). London: British Psychological Society and Methuen.

42

Macdonald, R.R. & Smith, P.T. (1983). Testing for differences between means with ordered hypotheses. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 36, 22-35.

43

Marascuilo, L.A. & Levin, J.R. (1983). Multivariate statistics in the social sciences. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

44

Marascuilo, L.A. & McSweeney, M. (1977). Nonparametric and distribution-free methods for the social sciences. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

45

Maxwell, S.E. & Delaney, H.D. (1990). Designing experiments and analyzing data. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

46

Meddis, R. (1973). Elementary analysis of variance for the behavioral sciences. London: McGraw-Hill.

47

Meehl, P.E. (1967). Theory testing in psychology and physics: A methodological paradox. Philosophy of Science, 34, 103-115.

48

Miller, R.G., jr. (1981). Simultaneous statistical inference (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.

49

Morgenstern, D. (1980). Berechnung des maximalen Signifikanzniveaus des Tests ``Lehne ab, wenn k unter n gegebenen Tests zur Ablehnung führen'' [Determining the maximum level of significance for the test 'Reject , if k of n tests lead to rejection']. Metrika, 27, 285-286.

50

Myers, J.L. (1972). Fundamentals in experimental design (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

51

Myers, J.L. & Well, A.D. (1991). Research design and statistical analysis. New York: HarperCollins.

52

Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations. A dual coding approach. New York: Oxford University Press.

53

Popper, K.R. (1980). The logic of scientific discovery (10th ed.). London: Hutchinson.

54

Popper, K.R. (1981). Conjectures and refutations (4th ed.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

55

Ramsey, P.H. (1980). Choosing the most powerful pairwise multiple comparison procedure in multivariate analysis of variance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 317-326.

56

Robertson, T., Wright, F.T. & Dykstra, R.L. (1988). Order restricted statistical inference. Chichester: Wiley

57

Rosnow, R.L. & Rosenthal, R. (1989). Statistical procedures and the justification of knowledge in psychological science. American Psychologist, 44, 1276-1284.

58

Serlin, R.C. & Lapsley, D.K. (1993). Rational appraisal of psychological research and the good-enough principle. In G. Keren & C. Lewis (Eds.), A handbook for data analysis in the behavioral sciences: Methodological issues (pp. 199-228). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

59

Shaffer, J.P. (1972). Directional statistical hypotheses and comparisons among means. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 195-197.

60

Shaffer, J.P. (1974). Bidirectional unbiased procedures. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69, 437-439.

61

Smith, P.T. & Macdonald, R.R. (1983). Methods for incorporating ordinal information into analysis of variance: Generalizations of one-tailed tests. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 36, 1-21.

62

Thompson, B. (1994). Planned versus unplanned and orthogonal versus nonorthogonal contrasts: the neo-classical perspective. In B. Thompson (Ed.), Advances in social science methodology (Vol. 3, pp. 3-27). Greenwich, CT: JAI.

63

Wampold, B.E., Davis, B. & Good, R.H. III. (1990). Methodological contributions to clinical research: Hypothesis validity of clinical research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 360-367.

64

Westermann, R. (1988). Structuralist reconstruction of psychological research: Cognitive dissonance. The German Journal of Psychology, 12, 218-231.

65

Westermann, R. & Hager, W. (1983). On severe tests of trend hypotheses in psychology. The Psychological Record, 33, 201-211.

66

Westermann, R. & Hager, W. (1986). Error probabilities in educational and psychological research. Journal of Educational Statistics, 11, 117-146.

67

Wilcox, R.R. (1987). New statistical procedures for the social sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

68

Winer, B.J., Brown, D.R. & Michels, K.M. (1991). Statistical principles in experimental design (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.